Executive Office of the President of the United States National Drug Control Strategy 1996 Budget Volume II - Notes

This document was researched by: Debby Moore, Founder Kansas Environmentalists for Commerce in Hemp Kansas Political Action Headquarters 2742 E. 2nd Wichita, Kansas, 67214 (316) 681-1743

Message From The President

3 To the Congress of the United States: I am pleased to transmit today to the Congress and to the American People the 1995 National Drug Control Strategy, which confirms our resolve, identifies my priorities for addressing this Nation's continuing drug problem, and further defines my Administration's plan for reducing illegal drug use and drug trafficking. The 1995 Strategy comes at a time of enormous change and new challenges for our country. Societies around the globe are shifting from the Industrial Age to the Information Age - from the Cold War with its global division to a world united in economic cooperation and home for the future. This is a time of new beginnings and of great hope, but also a time of tremendous uncertainty. During this period, we must make sure that we remain the strongest country in the world and its most profound force for peace and freedom. Our greatest challenge, however, will be to keep the American dream alive for all our citizens.

10 Strategy Overview: Drug Facts The drug problem is national in scope. Drugs are not a problem solely of the poor, or of minorities, or of inner-city residents. In fact, the majority of these citizens do not use illicit drugs, and they are often victims of those who do. Drug users come from all walks of life and from all parts of the country. The drug problem affects everyone, and all Americans must be involved in its solution. America's future depends on how the Nation chooses to respond to the following facts: FACT: Everyone is a potential victim of a drug related crime. Drug use and the crime that surrounds it are enveloping entire communities. In 1993 an estimated 1,123,300 individuals were arrested for drug offenses - including sale, manufacture, and possession - more than 2 arrests every minute. Drug tests confirmed recent use of illicit substances in the majority of those arrested each day.

11 FACT: Marijuana is increasingly available, potent, and cheap, enticing a new generation of drug users, most likely the children and grandchildren of working families. 11 FACT: Drug use is weakening the fiscal health of the public sector. Federal, State, and local governments spend roughly $25 billion on drug control efforts, or $0.50 of every dollars spent by drug consumers in the illicit drug trade. Approximately 60 percent of the Federal drug control budget is directed to law enforcement programs, and the balance is directed to treatment and prevention programs. Most State and local government spending is directed to the criminal justice system (79 percent), and the balance is directed to education and rehabilitation (21 percent).

11 FACT: The illicit drug trade is a drain on the U.S. economy. In 1993 the retail value of the illicit drug business totaled $50 billion.

17 Casual Drug Use According to the 1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), more than 77 million people reported that they had used illicit drugs at some time during their lives. Almost 70 million of these people reported using marijuana, 23 million had tried cocaine, 4 million had tried crack-cocaine, 18 million had tried hallucinogens, and more than 2 million had tried heroin. Figure 2-1 shows that in 1993, 37.2 percent of the civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 12 and older reported illicit drug use in their lifetimes. Almost 11.8 percent reported using illicit drugs within the past year, and 5.6 percent reported using illicit drugs within the past month. Marijuana was the most frequently used illicit drug, with 33.7 percent of the civilian noninstitutionalized population reporting its use some time during their lives. Nine percent reported marijuana use within the past year, and 4.3 percent reported use within the past month. Marijuana use is considered problematic because it long has been considered a gateway drug. Like alcohol and tobacco, marijuana use interferes with short-term memory, learning, and motor skills performance. There also is the evidence that regular marijuana smoking harms the pulmonary function. Cocaine was the next most frequently used illicit drug, with 11.3 percent of the civilian noninstitutionalized population reporting its use within their lifetimes. Past-year use of cocaine was 2.2 percent, and past-month use was 0.6 percent. it is important to note that the actual use of these drugs by the total U.S. population is probably higher, both because survey respondents under report drug use and because chronic, hardcore drug users probably are not well represented in drug prevalence surveys.

26 Emerging Drug Use Trends: The Pulse Check has reported that the use of other illicit drugs also is on the rise in certain areas of the country. Hallucinogens are increasingly popular in some cities, including Atlanta and New York, In other cities - including San Francisco, Denver, and Los Angeles - there are reports that amphetamine use, especially in combination with other drugs, is becoming a significant problem. In Florida and Texas, teenagers and college students are reported to be using ephedrine, a chemical precursor of amphetamine and a component of over-the-counter cold medications. It is often taken as a substitute for amphetamines, and its use could presage an increase in amphetamine use. Nearly all illicit drug users continue to combine alcohol with other drugs. The most recent Pulse Check found that nationwide, hallucinogens and amphetamines are now the most common among emerging drugs.

30 An even stronger relationship exists between marijuana use and violence. For high school students, 66 percent of those who had carried guns to school used marijuana. For junior high school students, 56 percent of those who had carried guns to school used marijuana. Marijuana and cocaine use and gang activity also were highly related. Fourteen percent of high school students and 15 percent of junior high school students claimed to have participated in some type of gang activity. Nineteen percent of those in gangs reported cocaine use, compared with 2 percent of those who were not in gangs.

33 Drug Arrest The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported an estimated 1,126,300 total arrests for drug law violations in the United States in 1993. These offenders are straining the criminal justice system and in some instances taking up prison space that is needed to incarcerate violent offenders. Table 3-2 shows that this is below the peak level of arrests of 1,361,700 in 1989; however, it should be noted that arrests in 1993 represent the second highest level on record. Arrests for drug offenses accounted for 8 percent of all arrests nationwide. The growth in the number of persons arrested for drug law violations is the principal reason for the growth in the prison population. In turn, the increase in the number of persons arrested for drug law violations reflects increasingly stringent drug laws, and in particular, the enforcement of mandatory minimum sentences. According to the Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), in 1994 the Nation's Federal and State prison population exceeded 1 million for the first time in history. At the end of June 1994, State prisons held 919,143 inmates, and Federal prisons held 93,708 inmates.

35 DAWN reports that the strong upward trend in cocaine-related ER episodes has stabilized, but the episodes remain at record levels. For example, an estimated 123,300 cocaine-related episodes were reported in 1993. DAWN reports the following findings: In 1993, 43 percent of cocaine-related episodes occurred among individuals between the ages of 26 and 34. " Seeking detoxification" was the most commonly cited reason for an emergency department visit by cocaine users, followed by "unexpected reaction" and "chronic effects." Since 1990 the number of cocaine-related ER episodes for those older than 35 years has more than doubled. As in the case for heroin, it appears that prolonged cocaine use has an adverse effect of the health of its users. ****ABC Television Network reported no long term side effects with heroin use*** The number of marijuana-related ER episodes has increased rapidly in recent years. Total episodes rose from 20,000 in 1990 to 29,200 in 1993 - a 46 percent increase. Marijuana was likely to be mentioned in combination with other drugs, particularly alcohol and cocaine. In 1993 alcohol and cocaine were mentioned in 50 percent of marijuana-related episodes; only 20 percent of marijuana episodes involved marijuana alone.

39 The Federal Government also provides treatment for military personnel and veterans. In 1993 the Department of Veterans Affairs provided substance abuse treatment for almost 160,000 patients in 327 programs. Of these programs, 196 specialized, inpatient programs served 54,195 drug users, while the 131 outpatient programs served 105,800 drug users.

39 The most recent DUF data indicate that the criminal justice system offers an opportunity to identify those individuals who need treatment and to match their specific needs with appropriate drug treatment programs. On any given day, more than 4 million people are under the care or custody of a correctional agency, either on probation, on parole, in jail, or in Federal or State prison.

39 A 1991 BJS survey reported that of those inmates sentenced for violent offenses, 55 percent of Federal inmates and 57 percent of State inmates reported using drugs regularly, and 43 percent of Federal inmates and 46 percent of State inmates reported using drugs in the month prior to their offense. Twenty-five percent of Federal inmates and 28 percent of State inmates reported that they were under the influence of drugs while committing the offense for which they were incarcerated. Many of these inmates were receiving treatment while in prison. At the time of the survey, about 43 percent of Federal inmates and 48 percent of State inmates who had used drugs in the month prior to their offenses had been enrolled in prison treatment programs at some point during their incarcerations. More than 20 percent in each population had completed treatment programs since admission to prison.

43 The overreaching goal of the National Drug Control Strategy is the reduction of illicit drug use and its consequences. This goal is served by both foreign and domestic supply reduction activities. Studies have shown that any reduction in the available drug supply in a given geographic area can have an immediate and direct impact on the number of users and the amount of drugs they consume as well as on the consequences of drug use to the local community.

49 Although overall seizures remain high, there is concern that the interdiction effort has had limited effect on overall illicit drug availability and consumption in the United States. Cocaine seizures undoubtedly constitute a substantial share of total cocaine production, but the desired effects on U.S. price, purity, and availability have not been seen. Accordingly, cocaine - along with other illicit drugs - remains available in sufficient quantities to satisfy demand, with relatively low prices and high purities. This should not be understood to mean that law enforcement should no longer conduct seizures as part of its operations. If law enforcement efforts focusing on reducing drug availability in the United States were reduced, in all probability, there would be even greater drug availability and even lower prices and higher purities in the market, which would lead to increased use. Instead, seizures should be viewed not as an end in themselves but rather as part of the larger whole. More often than not, seizures result from an extensive law enforcement investigation targeting a drug trafficking organization. Clearly, the arrest, prosecution, and incarceration of drug criminals is an important objective of drug law enforcement, and efforts to dismantle drug trafficking organizations will often result in drug seizures. Hence, seizures should be viewed not simply on the basis of their share of the total production in question, but as a measure and direct result of other efforts focused on the criminal organizations that take part in the illicit drug trade.

49 2) A hectare is a metric unit of area equal to 2,471 acres.

49 3) A metric ton equals 2,205 pounds.

50 12) One source suggests that as much as 200 tons of cocaine was inventoried in Mexico last year. If this is correct, it would explain why cocaine prices did not decline. An inventory of this magnitude constitutes about two-thirds of the estimated U.S. annual consumption of about 300 tons.

50 14) Southeast Asia (Burma, Laos, Thailand, & China), Southwest Asia (Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan), Central America, Mexico, & South America (Colombia & Peru). Geographical breakouts are from DEA's Heroin Signature Program.

54 Reducing the demand for drugs by reducing chronic, hardcore drug use. The best way to reduce the overall demand for illicit drugs is to reduce the number of chronic, Hardcore drug users. To accomplish this, communities, jails, and prisons must provide effective drug treatment. Current treatment capacity falls well below the resources the country needs to address the problems of chronic, hardcore drug use. To increase treatment capacity, State and local officials must more effectively use available Federal treatment grant funds to direct drug users into treatment, and the criminal justice system must use the sanctions at its disposal to provide drug treatment for as many chronic, hardcore users under their authority as possible. Only by satisfying these requirements can the United States hope to provide adequate treatment to drug users and reduce the prevalence of drug use, especially among chronic, hardcore addicts.

55 Criminal acts, on the other hand, must be punished and tough sanctions often are needed to force drug-addicted criminals to stop using drugs and committing crimes. The Crime Control Act created programs to support both treatment and punishment. This Administration will use both these tools in a coordinated fashion to improve public safety and to give chronic, hardcore drug users a chance to recover from addiction. Linking Criminal Justice and Treatment Society must be protected from violent and predatory people, even if much of their behavior stems from drug addiction. The United States must recognize that when an unrehabilitated offender is released unsupervised into the community, he or she represents a serious and continuing threat to public safety. Drug treatment can break this destructive cycle. The courts and the correctional system must use their power to convince drug-using offenders to "clean up their act" - to the fullest extent possible for the benefit of all citizens. If drug addicts within the criminal justice system are treated effectively, they will pursue more productive interests, and the streets will be safer. The Crime Control Act formalizes the linkage between the criminal justice and treatment systems and empowers judge to use a valuable range of treatment and punishment options.

56 Fundamental to maximizing the drug treatment benefits through the criminal justice system is the concept of coerced abstinence - that is, using the limitations the criminal justice system inherently places on a person's freedom of action to force positive changes in drug use behavior. Several related steps at different stages of the criminal justice process must be taken to effect such change. For example, drug testing a person at the time of his or her arrest can help determine who needs supervision and treatment and who needs the threat of further punishment as an incentive for "getting straight." Those who are charged with drug offenses not involving violence and who have no prior history of violent offenses could be diverted through drug courts or other alternative sanction programs that use the threat of incarceration to enforce abstinence and change. The Drug Courts Initiative within the Crime Control Act establishes drug courts and similar offender management programs at the State and local levels. Existing drug court programs have been tested and proved effective in jurisdictions across the Nation. They ensure certainty and immediacy of punishment for nonviolent arrestees with substance abuse problems who might otherwise go unpunished or receive only unsupervised probation or a minimal sentence. Such programs free up jail and prison space for violent, predatory criminals. However, to be effective, drug courts and offender management programs must provide integrated services and sanctions that include continuing close supervision; mandatory periodic drug testing, treatment, and aftercare services; and a system of escalating sanctions for those who fail to meet program requirements or do not make satisfactory progress. Offender management programs, such as Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime, enable courts to divert users into treatment, to condition pretrial release or probation on participation in drug treatment, and to monitor treatment progress. Such comprehensive programs can reduce drug-related recidivism and break the cycle of drugs and crime. This reasonable but tough treatment for drug offenders can help ensure that drug-addicted criminals do not revert to the same criminal activity and continue to pass through the criminal justice system.

57 There is evidence that prison-based drug treatment is an effective means of controlling recidivism to criminal behavior and that intensive programs such as therapeutic communities (TCs) are well suited for serious drug abusers while they are incarcerated.

57 The BOP drug treatment program will be offered to States as a working model. The National Academy of Corrections will sponsor training, transfer of policy and procedural documents, and technical assistance to help States implement the model. In addition, exemplary community and institutional programs at the State and local levels will be recognized, documented, and offered as "host sites" for visits by other jurisdictions.

58 Review treatment modalities and maintain the status of medications development.

58 Further development of alternative modalities, such as acupuncture; and

58 Investigation of the integration of behavioral and pharmacologic approaches to treatment.

58 The Treatment, Prevention, and Medical Research Subcommittee also will work to foster comprehensive training and continuing education for treatment professionals, as well as training on the nature of addiction, treatment, and recovery for all other health professionals.

59 The prevention field is maturing in terms of its activities, applied technology, and a growing body of literature. Hard evidence that supports drug use prevention is beginning to emerge. The National Structured Evaluation (NSE), a recently concluded comparative analysis of hundreds of prevention efforts, provides some much-needed positive guidance for prevention practitioners.The gathering, sharing, collaboration, and leadership within the Federal sector is the basis of the newly proposed National Drug Prevention System (NDPS) discussed later in this chapter.

59 To link specific prevention efforts to specific outcomes, analysts must ask not simply "What works?" but also "What specific programs are effective, what approaches do they use, and with which populations will they be effective?" Once the answers are obtained, the information must be shared.

59 Many of the findings of the NSE will be useful at both the Federal and local levels. Its findings include the following: 1)For younger children and adolescents, prevention approaches that emphasize personal skills development and task-oriented skills training - "psychococial" approaches - were shown to be the most consistently effective in reeducating alcohol and drug use. 2)For adolescents at significant risk for problem behaviors, professionally administered individual and family counseling demonstrated effectiveness in influencing long-term risk and protective factors related to drug use and alcohol abuse. 3)For adults, prevention approaches that change the community environment, often in concert with interventions targeted to specific individuals, were shown to be effective in reducing drug and alcohol problem behaviors. 4)Programs that are sensitive to and reflect the cultural values of the targeted group are more effective.

60 C1 P1-These findings are consistent with those of the broader prevention research that underpins the social development strategy now being employed in about 100 communities across the country. Under the Department of Justice's Communities That Care program, communities are employing approaches to interrupt the processes that produce problem behaviors, such as crime, violence & substance abuse.

60 C2 P1-Studies include cross-site evaluations of Pregnant and Postpartum Women and Infants grants, Community Partnership grants, and High Risk Youth grants. In addition, the Department of Education is supporting a study designed to examine the effectiveness of comprehensive prevention programming in school settings which is funded by its Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities program.

60 C1 P2-Alcohol is the single most abused substance throughout the Nation, especially among young people in secondary schools and colleges and universities.

61 C1 P2-With every national indicator of adolescent drug use trends continuing to point to an increase in drug use by young people, this important program has taken on added significance. Safe Drug-Free Schools and Communities (SDFSCA) Family & Community Endeavor Schools (FACES) grant program DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) General Response Action Tracking System. C1 P3-If the United States is to succeed in preventing the onset of a new wave of drug use, schools must continue their drug prevention efforts. C2 P1-Through these programs, along with the other programs of the Safe & Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act, the Administration will seek to enhance schools' ability to present a firm "no use" prevention message to youth, especially those who are at greatest risk of becoming involved with drugs, gangs, and violence. C2 P2-Community-based initiatives, whether at the national or local level, require planning and intensive cooperation between law enforcement (e.g., police, prosecutors, courts, and the corrections system), schools, private institutions, the faith community, other community organizations, citizens, and others...health care providers, parent associations, service & civic organizations, private business....One key initiative at the local level is the Administration's Community Oriented Policing Services initiative to put 100,000 new police officers "on the beat". In many communities, these police officers will work to encourage residents to come forward with information pertinent to criminal investigations and to transfer relevant intelligence into the hands of drug enforcement operations personnel.

62 C1 P1-The Empowerment Zone\Enterprise Communities Initiative, the Pulling America's Communities Together Program, and the President's Ounce of Prevention Council C1 P2-Experience has shown that for drug prevention to be effective, drug distribution and use must be addressed by comprehensive, inclusive, balanced responses at the community level...Community-based prevention efforts mobilize individuals, organizations, and systems to act in concert to address the multitude of problems associated with drug abuse in American neighborhoods and communities. C1 P5-Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's "Fighting Back" and the Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America; C2 P4-253 communities that have already participated in the program, technical assistance C2 P5-Drug use in America's workplaces has severe negative consequences and should be viewed as a bottom-line issue for the business community. Drug use threatens the safety and personal health of workers and consumers and degrades worker effectiveness. For businesses, it means higher injury rates, increased workers' compensation claims, reduced efficiency, and diminished productivity and competitiveness. Beyond the workplace, drug use also has played a powerful role in the disintegration of American communities and families. C2 P6-Given that approximately three-fourth of adult men over the age of 16 and more than one-half of adult women in the United States are employed, the workplace offers a key arena in which to educate Americans about positive lifestyles, attitudes, and behaviors. To have maximum effectiveness, workplace programs must be in with a policy that clearly states that drug and alcohol use on the job is not acceptable. ... workplace programs should include a reasonable program of drug testing. C1 P2-Executive Order 12564, which prohibits illicit drug use by employees of Executive Branch agencies and requires all agencies to adopt comprehensive drug-free workplace policies and programs. The Administration urges Congress to adopt a similar program for its employees so that it can ensure that its workplace is drug free. C1 P3-The Drug-Free Workplace Working Group - major focus of Administration's 1995 drug efforts C2 P3-ONDCP endorsed the national One Church, One Addict program to encourage every religious institution in America, regardless of faith or denomination, to adopt one recovering addict and help him or help develop and sustain the ability to live drug free.

64 C1 P2-ONDCP has established a special initiative to study the special problems facing African American males, especially those problems relating to drugs and violence. C1 P3-Corporation for National Service harness the energy, enthusiasm, and commitment of young people in service to their Nation, their community, and their fellow youth. C1 P4-1994 Summer of Safety Program...thousands of young people, who serve for 2 years, to work with local programs to enhance school readiness and promote school success; help control crime and reduce violence by improving community services, law enforcement, and victim services; rebuild neighborhoods by renovating and rehabilitating aging housing stock; improve neighborhood environments; and provide better health care in America's communities. C2 P3-A recently released report from the U. S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment concluded that "Current drug prevention programs lack scientifically accepted standards for determining their success or failure...12. Yet, as noted earlier, there is a significant body of research findings regarding violence, crime, substance abuse, and other problem behaviors. Once understood, the interrelationships among these findings should guide the implementation of community programs. C2 P4...inflated claims and expectations for any one program. Although reduction or increase in drug use is the basic measure for success, no one program can or should be an exclusive panacea. To be effective, any comprehensive prevention strategy must address longterm risk and protective factors, improve knowledge and attitudes, and intervene in drug use behaviors.

65 National Drug Prevention System: NDPS C1 P2-Another priority area for prevention research is examining the effects, both positive and negative, of media influence on the social environment....On the other hand, there clearly exist environmental inducements to drug use, to other negative behaviors, and to underage alcohol and tobacco use. C1 P3-The differing impacts of specific drug use and violence prevention programs, C1 P4-professional prevention specialists are recognizing prevention as the only long-term answer to drug abuse and its negative consequences. The prevention field is maturing.

66 C1 P1-encourage private sector drug prevention organizations to share information and work together. C1 P7-Encouraging public & private efforts to create dissemination systems to transmit the latest knowledge and prevention methods to the field; C2 P2-The Action Plan for Reducing the Demand for Illicit Drugs consists of three targets: (1) develop the NDPS, (2) develop model provider training and certification guidelines for treatment and prevention professionals, and (3) launch a "Save Our Children - Save Our Future" Media Campaign

67 Develop Model Provider Training and Certification Guidelines for Treatment and Prevention Professionals. ...with the goal of engendering and maintaining consumer confidence in the quality of services delivered by the prevention and treatment systems.

68 C2 P2-12)Technologies for Understanding and Preventing Substance Abuse and Addiction. Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C. September 1994. Page 21 of the executive summary. GPO Document S\N 052 003 01388 6.

C2 P4-13)The recent public discussion about Project D.A.R.E. is a case in point. In essence, the evaluations suggest that D.A.R.E. is not, by itself, a sufficient community response to the drug problem. Knowledge and attitudes do not appear to be clearly linked to (risky) behaviors in the younger student populations. Some studies question the value of increasing knowledge of drug consequences and creating antidrug attitudes among students who do not (and will not soon) face choices about drug use. One implication is that programs such as D.A.R.E. might be more appropriate for older children. Another implication is that because the effects of such programs do not last long, their messages should be reinforced periodically.

71 C1 P1-Key priorities are to disrupt and dismantle drug trafficking organizations, and investigate, arrest, prosecute, and imprison drug traffickers, and seize their assets. It is based on a firm conviction: Drug traffickers are predatory toward individuals and parasitic toward society, and should be pursued until they are stopped. Trafficking organizations will be attacked at every level, from drug kingpin down to street corner dealer, through a careful coordination of Federal, State, and local law enforcement efforts. C1 P2-Although stopping the trafficking and distribution of cocaine is law enforcement's top drug priority in most areas of the country, extensive resources also are focused on stopping the trafficking of heroine and other dangerous drugs such as marijuana, PCP (phencyclidine), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), methamphetamine, and methcathinone.

72 C1 P5-Reduce all domestic drug production and availability, and continue to target for investigation and prosecution those who illegally import, manufacture, and distribute dangerous drugs and who illegally divert pharmaceutical and listed chemicals. C1 P6-Improve the efficiency of Federal drug law enforcement capabilities, including interdiction and intelligence programs. C1 P4-Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies must convene to target for arrest and prosecution those within the United States who manage drug trafficking organizations and their associates who cultivate, produce, transport, and distribute illegal drugs. Furthermore, law enforcement agencies must convene to disrupt the operations of drug trafficking organizations by dismantling the communications, production, transportation, and money laundering components that make up the infrastructure of these illegal operations.

73 C1 P2-The ability of the Government - as part of its investigative and prosecutive strategy - to remove the proceeds of crime from individuals and to destroy the economic infrastructure of criminal organizations is essential to effective drug law enforcement.

74 C2 P2-ONDCP - implemented in 1994: National Interdiction Command and Control Plan (Imperial Valley, CA) C2 P3 -To ensure that the appropriate operational commanders receive timely and accurate intelligence, the drug intelligence community developed the Interdiction Intelligence Support Plan.

75 C1 P1-Investigation of Drug Trafficking Organizations Federal investigative resources will focus primarily on one or more of the following categories of drug trafficking organizations: South America, Mexican, Major National Gangs (e.g., outlaw motorcycle gangs, LA based Crips & Bloods), Jamaican, Asian (e.g. Chinese, Vietnamese), West African, particularly Nigerian, La Cosa Nostra (e.g., Sicilian Mafia, La Camorra, 'Ndrangheta, & Sacred Crown); and Other major criminal organizations that are well organized, multijurisdictional in operational scope, and of national significance and influence. C2 P1-Furthermore, by working together, all levels of law enforcement can make maximum use of Federal investigative tools such as court-authorized electronic surveillance, analysis of compulsory financial reporting, investigative grand juries, and Federal evidentiary rules and criminal statutes (e.g., conspiracy, the Continuing Criminal Enterprise and Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Laws, firearms, money laundering, and tax statutes). 76 C2 P1-Furthermore, the Treasury Department will continue to invigorate...to enlist the involvement of financial institutions in more effective measures to detect potential launderers, and to stress those procedures that will provide law enforcement access to essential customer and account information. Important components of this strategy include enhanced suspicious transaction reporting and "know your customer" procedures. C2 P2-...Approach will be expanded domestically to meet the national goals of identifying, disrupting, seizing, and forfeiting illicit drug proceeds. C2 P3-Finally, U.S. anticnarcotics-related money laundering initiatives will be linked to similar initiatives worldwide. Multinational cooperation in intelligence gathering, information exchange, and enforcement operations is the best way to attach the nerve centers of the money laundering organizations, often located in source countries. Through the use of the Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCen) and the Department of Justice's Multi- Agency Financial Investigative Center (MAFIA), and the resources of several Federal agencies are coordinated and directed toward battling the worldwide money laundering operations of major drug trafficking organizations. The investigative leads of the participating agencies, coupled with the worldwide intelligence gathering capabilities of all U.S. entities, will facilitate the identification of traffickers and their financial advisors for prosecution and the seizing and forfeiting of their ill-gotten assets. Furthermore, the United States will continue to explore diplomatic opportunities to promote greater cooperation with other nations in anti-money laundering efforts, and the United States will continue to encourage other nations to bolster their money laundering regulatory and enforcement operations.

77 C1 P3-the Administration has taken steps to significantly improve information sharing among Federal law enforcement agencies. With the creation of the Office of Investigative Agency Policies (OIAP), DOJ has made significant strides in facilitating the sharing, and often the integrating, of important investigative information among its principal law enforcement agencies. Other developments, such as the establishment of the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC), have provided significant increases in the levels of sophisticated technical and analytic support available to develop a comprehensive understanding of major drug trafficking organizations. The technical and analytic capabilities of the multiagency El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC) also have been significantly upgraded, enhancing its ability to serve as the principal tactical analysis and support center. C2 P3-Joint Drug Intelligence Groups (JDIG's), the Unified Intelligence Divisions, and the state-led Post Seizure Analysis units established along the Southwest Border - have united law enforcement investigators and analysists to share information and to combine their knowledge on a regional basis. Coordination mechanisms, such as Operation North Star and Operation Alliance, also have enhanced efforts to share information across geographical and organizational boundaries.

78 C1 P2-For example, the Southwest Border Governor's Coalition between the four states along the Southwest Border is developing an integrated computer and communication system that will enable member agencies in all four States to share investigative information and criminal intelligence electronically.

79 C1 P3-DOJ's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) already has awarded 392 grants totaling $200 million to counties, cities, and towns across the country to hire more than 2,700 officers. In addition, COPS has given approval to 631 large police jurisdictions (those servicing populations of more than 50,000) to begin hiring and training more than 4,600 officers. COPS also has begun a hiring program for smaller jurisdictions (those serving populations of less than 40,000). Known as COPS FAST (Funding Accelerated for Smaller Towns), this program will place another 4,000 police officers on the streets. C1 P4-Drug trafficking organizations use guns to carry out the violence and intimidation that are integral parts of their day-to-day operations. C1 P5-Citizens & police face a growing risk of injury or death inflicted by well-armed drug dealers. C2 P2-In 1991 the Kansas City, Missouri, Police Department, using funds secured from DOJ's Operation Weed & See, implemented a program to reduce gun-related crime. This initiative called for patrol officers to aggressively focus on seizing guns from those who carry them illegally. Proactive patrol procedures such as vehicle and subject stops were used in a specific target area to accomplish the department's goal. C2 P3-The Administration intends to immediately implement an aggressive gun reduction program in several communities around the country.

80 C1 P2-Federal agencies will continue to provide increased resources to State and local agencies to address drug trafficking and associated violence through programs such as the FBI's Safe Street Initiative, DEA's Mobile, Enforcement Teams (METs), and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Violence Reduction Alliance and Armed Career Criminal programs. C2 P2-Many State jurisdictions participate in Criminal Justice Coordinating Councils in which State and local law enforcement, prosecutorial, treatment, and prevention officials meet on a regular basis to develop and ensure the implementation of jurisdiction-based strategies. One example of how the Federal Government has worked to improve the regional strategy development process is its establishment of Law Enforcement Coordination Councils. C2 P4-The law enforcement response to the task force concept has been so enthusiastic that some small and medium-sized police departments have eliminated their own specialized narcotics bureaus in favor of active participation in a county or regional task force operation.

81 C1 P1-Federal grant programs, such as the Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Program, provide seed money to start task force operations in many jurisdictions and funds to convene the operation of existing programs. C1 P2-Other task force programs, such as the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces and the task forces operating as part of the High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) programs, bring together as partners Federal, State, and local law enforcement officials and prosecutorial officers for a common purpose and cause them to work in a common direction toward the same goals. These joint efforts utilize the full range of Federal investigative and prosecutive tools, as well as associated seizure and forfeiture laws; facilitate cooperation among all levels of government; and provide a means of combining shills and resources to achieve the greatest effect against drug offenders. C1 P3-As important as this collaboration is, recent years have clearly brought an expansion in the number of multijurisdictional task forces operating in the United States. Due to this proliferation, Federal, State, county, and regional task forces have concurrently operated in the same geographical areas. This occasionally has led to duplication of effort, a lack of intelligence sharing, and competition between agencies and the seizure of drugs and the assets of drug law violators. C1 P4-The Federal Government will take steps to eliminate duplication among task forces at all governmental levels by conducting an interagency review of federal task forces that will determine ways to enhance collaboration and interoperability with State and local partners.

82 C2 P2-Each HIDTA Executive Committee will do the following: 1) Up grade its organizational threat estimate of its regional strategy. 2) Improve the regional intelligence center to ensure the provision of actionable and predictive intelligence to the joint task forces; 3) Develop requirements and prioritize military support requests for joint task forces and the intelligence center within each HIDTA. C2 P7-The 12 month Action Plan for Reducing Crime, Violence, and Drug Availability consists of three targets: (1) develop a domestic law enforcement plan, (2) expand efforts to address money laundering, and (3) expand border control efforts.

83 Specific issue areas will include the following: Articulate the role of Federal drug law enforcement in local community policing efforts: Identify steps to enhance coordination of regional law enforcement, treatment, and prevention resources; Develop a comprehensive initiative to decrease the cultivation and use of marijuana; and

87 VII. Action Plan for Enhancing Domestic Drug Program Flexibility and Efficiency at the Community Level: Drug dealers are flexible. However insidious their business, they market their wares with ingenuity and tenacity. Drug users are efficient, saving tiny bits of their powders and scraping crack-cocaine and opiate resins from the inside of homemade pipes. Addicts adapt. ...and that parents know how to access the right prevention programs to keep their children from ever trying drugs in the first place. Communities need to work together. This means fighting against burdensome regulations and other restrictions that hamper timely and effective service delivery. A range of initiatives is presented to enhance the smooth operation of antidrug programs and organizations in every community, including the streamlining of Federal grant applications and a "Cut the Red Tape" Deregulation Campaign.

88 C2 P3-The Crime Control Act will provide support for drug courts and highlight the effective linkage of treatment programs and the criminal justice system. Furthermore, this linkage will ensure that the offender management structure is properly developed and maintained in an increasing number of communities across the Nation. C2 P4-The Administration required alcohol and drug testing for safety-sensitive employees in the aviation, motor carrier, railroad, pipeline, maritime, and mass transit industries. In addition, the Department of Labor provided a grant to the George Meany Center for Labor Studies to establish a Substance Abuse Institute.

89 C1 P2-Federal grants are intended to provide funds to States and localities for a variety of purposes. Most are intended to allow State and local governments to properly address problems that they otherwise would be forced to give a lower priority or perhaps not address at all. Federal grants also are provided to guarantee a minimum standard of living by providing direct Federal transfers to individuals. Furthermore, they provide a more equitable distribution of revenues among the States for national program priorities.

90 The Federal drug control program for Fiscal Year 1995 allocates more than $13 billion to support the efforts of more than 50 agencies. With drug use among adolescents again on the rise, it is now more critical than ever to have reasonable and supportable evaluations of drug control programs so that the Nation may identify... C1 P3-The 12 month Action Plan for Enhancing Drug Program Flexibility and Efficiency at the Community Level consists of five targets: 1) Expand and improve data collection and distribution efforts a the local level, 2) Simplify Federal drug grant applications, 3) Fund a pilot program to develop comprehensive community-based approaches in select communities, and 4) Facilitate delivery and linkage of community-based services. C2 P2 A Federal Directory will be produced that lists titles and descriptions of Federal drug-related data systems. C2 P3 ONDCP will promote Pulse Check as a policy and planning tool and suggest that local communities use a similar approach. This effort will culminate in a manual titled How To Do A Pulse Check to help communities assess their local drug situations.

91 C1 P1-ONDCP will convene a Common Grant Application (CGA) Working Group to examine the advantages of a universal grant application for community-based organizations. The objective of this working group will be to formulate a universal grant application. One example of the advantage of a universal grant application is that one-stop grant shopping may increase access to resources and reduce administrative costs through universal forms, measures, and reporting procedures. Recommendations from the CGA Working Group will be provided to the Director of ONDCP for action. C1 P2-ONDCP will implement a Break the Cycle of Drug Abuse pilot program to enable select communities to develop comprehensive community-based approaches to confronting the problem of drug abuse. This pilot effort will encourage a systematic response to the problems of chronic, hardcore drug use by integrating local health, education, housing, labor, and justice systems. Funds to establish local infrastructure and coordinate the program will be obtained from the widest possible range of sources, including forfeiture and gift authorities. This pilot effort will be national demonstration of a systems approach to managing the drug problem at the local level. ONDCP will produce a manual titled HOW TO BREAK THE CYCLE OF DRUG ABUSE to assist community-based organizations in their efforts against drug abuse and crime. Key elements of the pilot effort include the following: 1) Target City sites will use forfeiture laws to reclaim neighborhoods taken over by drug traffickers; 2) Every arrestee entering the criminal justice system will be tested for drug use. Tests will be presented to the court. ... Aftercare will include drug testing to identify individuals who relapse. 3) Local prevention providers will be encouraged to serve children of addicted parents to stop the intergenerational nature of addiction; 4) Sanctions will be developed for those individuals who are enrolled in a criminal justice system treatment program and who fail to move toward abstinence; 5) Those not involved in the criminal justice system will be identified through various outreach programs (e.g., AIDS outreach) for drug treatment. A neutral party will monitor the individual to ensure that all services are being used to assist him or her in becoming drug free. ONDCP will produce and distribute a directory titled Anti-Drug Programs That Work at the Community Level.

92 ONDCP will conduct a "Cut the Red Tape" Campaign to examine possible regulation deletions or waivers to improve community-based service delivery. 1) Identify Federal obstacles that impede drug program delivery. 2) Consider revisions to the Food & Drug Administration regulation for methadone and LAAM (levo-alpha-acetylemethadolhydrochloride) in favor of clinical protocols, standards, or guidelines; and 3) Encourage States to adopt the Federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) to facilitate timely availability of addiction treatment medications.(2)

95 VIII. Action Plan for Strengthening Interdiction and International Efforts: US drug control agencies have developed an aggressive, coordinated response to the cocaine, heroin, and marijuana threats facing this Nation, which will remain in the Action Plan for Strengthening Interdiction and International Efforts. This response requires an effective interdiction capability in the transit zones, while developing effective initiatives in source countries focused on illicit cultivation and drug production areas. The Action Plan is multifaceted and involves six important and interrelated thrusts: C1 P3-Strengthen enforcement capacities in source countries so that major drug trafficking organizations are targeted, their leaders imprisoned for terms commensurate with the seriousness of their crimes, their activities disrupted, their drugs interdicted, and their financial assets seized. C1 P5-Support assistance to source countries to move toward eliminating illicit crops through intelligence-driven disruption of drug trafficking, eradication, and development of alternative income programs. C2 P1-The United States also has encouraged the enactment of stronger drug-related laws so that source and transit nations have the legal tools they need to investigate and prosecute trafficking organizations and destroy their financial base. C2 P2-The U.S. Agency for International Development has funded alternative development projects and programs to assist with the improvement of judicial systems in foreign countries. U. S. Government support of the United Nations Drug Control Program contributed to the establishment of the Caribbean Regional Legal Reform Training Center. Additionally, steps have been taken to enlist the involvement of the Dublin Group member countries, the Major Donors Groups, and other governments to promote more effective drug control initiative in the source and transit nations. C2 P3-Successful international money laundering investigations have dealt significant blows to the narcotics industry while bringing worldwide attention to the economic problems caused by drug money laundering. C2 P4-...ONDCP's designation of the U.S. Interdiction Coordinator (USIC). The USIC is responsible for monitoring and overseeing the U. S. interdiction program in the Western Hemisphere, both source and transit zones, to optimize program effectiveness. ...implementation of a National Interdiction Command & Control Plan...

97 C1 P2-Internationally, the Summit of the Americas has ushered in a new era of cooperation in narcotics control in the Western Hemisphere. In addition, the first steps toward a new, more active counternarcotics strategy to deal with Burma were taken last year as part of an interagency review of international heroin policy. A SUCCESSFUL INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION PROCESS The long-term objective of the United States and of this Action Plan is to encourage all nations, especially the major drug producing and drug transit countries, to meet all their antidurg obligations under the 1988 United Nations Convention. To move closer toward this objective, the 1994 National Drug Control Strategy called for a "more aggressive use of the congressionally mandated certification process that conditions economic and military assistance on counternarcotics performance." The President's 1994 decision to deny certification to four countries and grant only national interest certification to four countries and grant only national interest certification to six countries reflects this tough approach. The President made his decision based on recommendations developed by the Department of State, the National Security Council (NSC), and ONDCP. The Department of State strengthened the certification process in 1994 by establishing specific criteria for judging the performance of the major drug producing and transit countries. By means of periodic diplomatic demarches based on these criteria, the Department of State consults with the relevant governments throughout the certification process, stressing expectations and reviewing progress. This procedure minimizes the grounds for misunderstanding when the certification decisions are made annually on March 1. By establishing realistic performance objectives and consulting on them throughout the year, a useful and functional framework for achieving progress in international drug control has been established. These specified objectives, consultations throughout the year, and a clear statement of the rewards or sanctions involved have made the certification process into what it was originally meant to be: a credible and effective diplomatic instrument for progressing toward the common goal of ending the illicit international drug trade. To ensure that all drug producing and drug transit countries meet their antidrug obligations, this Action Plan will continue the aggressive use of the certification process. C2 P3-Presidential Decision Directive (PDD)

98 C1 P3-The PDD directed a three-pronged international drug control strategy that emphasized assisting institutions of nations showing the political will to combat narcotrafficking, destroying the narcotrafficking organizations, and interdicting narcotics trafficking in both the source countries and transit zones. The PDD called for a controlled shift in focus of cocaine interdiction operation from the transit zones to source countries. The logic behind this shift is that it is more effective to attack drugs at the source of production rather than once they are in transit zones to source countries and transit zones to source countries. The logic behind this shift is that it is more effective to attack drugs at the source of production rather than once they are in transit to the United States. The Administration now is implementing this new cocaine strategy. To be successful, the United States must strengthen and build greater counternarcotics cooperation bilaterally and regionally with its Latin American partners. This will require the requisite levels of funding to support full implementation of the international drug control program, including the interdiction component. Interdiction program capability must be maintained until source country program capability has become effective. In the past, erratic funding has inhibited the ability to fully implement the international drug control strategy. These fluctuations also have shaken the faith of America's counternarcotics partners in America's reliability as a dependable partner. This faith must be restored. C2 P1-...focus on the source countries...It is intended to provide a more targeted and better focused effort in areas where the drug industry is more concentrated and most vulnerable. C2 P4-Detection and monitoring capabilities have been improved by replacing transit zone surveillance systems in the Caribbean Basin Radar Network with a radar sensor system (the Relocatable Over the Horizon Radar (ROTHR) that covers a wider area. C2 P6-However, the shift in focus so far has not included any direct shift in resources from the transit zones to the source nations. In fact, Congress has acted to reduce both the international and interdiction budgets by more than $500 million since Fiscal Year (FY) 1994, leaving insufficient funds to expand source country initiatives while attempting to sustain existing transit zone programs.(7)

99 C1 P3-More than 60 percent of the world's supply of coca is grown in Peru. C2 P3-The decision by Peru to allow the use of potentially deadly force against aircraft suspected of narcotics trafficking in Peruvian airspace made real-time intelligence sharing by U.S. personnel a problem under U.S. law. This required, in response, a change in U.S. law to allow for continued support of the Peruvian air interdiction efforts. The Administration joined with Congress in making the necessary legislative change, and the United States again is able to fully support this aspect of the Peruvian counternarcotics program.

100 C2 P2-Columbia is working to exercise control over its airspace and prevent unrestricted use by traffickers of light aircraft to move cocaine products. However, Colombia's lack of direct investment in the procurement of equipment to accomplish this remains a weakness. As was the case with Peru, Colombia's decision to use potentially deadly force against suspected narcotics trafficking aircraft required a change in U.S. law to allow for continued U.S. support of these efforts. There are other areas of serious concern. In a decision rendered by the Colombian Supreme Court, the use and possession of user amounts of some drugs was, in effect, legalized. This action creates a dangerous climate for the health and well-being of Colombian citizens. Attempts by the Samper Administration to reverse this decision were rejected by the Colombian Congress. In addition, the Colombian Government has not arrested or prosecuted any leaders of the drug cartels, and there continues to be talk of entering into lenient plea bargaining agreements. Little action has been taken to force the traffickers to relinquish their illicit gains, and - worst of all - the Colombian Government has not been able to guarantee the safety of witnesses and their families or to make effective use of U.S. - supplied evidence. As a result, the U.S. Government has suspended evidence-sharing with Colombia in new drug cases.

101 Bolivia: Bolivia's president has announced his intent to eliminate all illegal coca in the Chapare region through an alternative development and eradication program. However, the government of Bolivia has been slow in developing a concrete plan of action. Alternative development programs continue especially in the Chapare region, where foreign donors assist in building roads and other infrastructure. Also, cooperative law enforcement efforts between the United States and Bolivia have resulted in the use of air routes in and out of the Chapare region being essentially denied to the traffickers. Unfortunately, not all U.S. efforts have met with such success. Bolivian eradication of coca through either forced or voluntary means is at a standstill. Mexico: Mexico must give the priority to counternarcotics efforts it once did. Government officials are pushing ahead with plans to develop a professional antidrug police force and to upgrade their ability to intercept and seize trafficker aircraft. Mexican police officials are handicapped by the lack of action by the Mexican Congress to provide an effective chemical control law. Mexico is the pivotal nation for drugs entering the United States. As a result it is crucial that Mexico (1) possess the ability and the will to disrupt the trafficking organizations operating within its borders, (2) interdict drugs before they across the border to the United States, and (3) seize the financial assets laundered in their nation by traffickers. The United States' bilateral agreements with Mexico in these areas will reflect these expectations.

102 Caribbean, Central America, and Spillover Countries: Brazil, Ecuador, & Venezuela...The United States must assist these governments in recognizing the potential threat posed by the narcotics industry and the importance of taking early prevention action. C1 P3-The United States will actively assist the Caribbean Basin nations in developing this regional effort and will work to establish a high degree of cooperation between them and the counternarcotics programs of the Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area and the Joint Interagency Task Force East. C2 P1-Central America continues to be a key link in the trans-shipment of cocaine and the laundering of drug profits. The United States must continue to work with these nations to strengthen their political will to fight drug trafficking, to enhance their domestic capabilities to interdict cocaine, to prosecute money launderers, and to create environments hostile to illicit drug activities. C2 P2-Summit of the Americas: December 9-11, 1994, Miami, Florida, 34 democratically elected governments in the Western Hemisphere. Quality of life will be improved in two ways: through the promotion of those initiatives that advance development and prosperity, democracy, free trade, and sustainable development - and through standing up to the challenges that undermine these basic initiatives.

103 C1 P1-The documents express the strong commitment of the leaders of the nations of the Western Hemisphere to make money laundering a criminal offense, to enact legislation to permit the freezing and forfeiture of assets, and to implement various recommendations and model regulations that have been developed through regional organizations. Expanded trade results in job creation and employment opportunities - the most enduring alternative to narcotics production and trafficking and thus a key component of any strategy that seeks to reduce incentives to the drug trade over the long term.

103 C2 P1-The International Heroin Strategy: Gain greater access to opium producing regions through bilateral and multilateral political and economic initiatives;

104 C1 C1-The heroine strategy encompasses U. S. leadership, technical expertise, and intelligence assets used in an aggressive international effort. Multilateral organizations, multinational development banks (MDBs), international financial institutions (IFIs), and governments will be included to ensure effective and well-funded efforts against heroin. C1 P4-The United States will target the leaders of the heroin trade by making them specific enforcement's and will use every opportunity to encourage greater cooperation and support from the leaders of key source, transit, and consuming countries. C1 P5-The United States' approach must be broad enough to overcome the obstacles imposed by the geographic dispersion of the heroin trade and the concentration of opium production in isolated and dangerous areas. A multilateral forum such as the United Nations or the World Bank has greater access to many important opium and heroin producing and transit regions than does the United States. The U.S. Government will make greater use of these organizations to initiate or expand drug control programs in these regions.

105 C1 P1-The U. S. Government also will increase efforts to prosecute money launderers-particularly those traffickers who use the "underground" banking systems in East Asia, Pakistan, and India - and continue efforts to control the movement of the precursor chemicals necessary for heroin production. C1 P2-This Strategy seeks to address the need for countries around the world to work together to reduce the drug trade. C1 P3-The United States focuses efforts in Southeast Asia; the Middle East and Southwest Asia; Latin America; Africa; Russia; Eastern European countries; and the newly independent states.

105 C1 P4- Southeast Asia This Strategy's primary heroin control priority will be to reduce the flow from Southeast Asia, which currently supplies more than 60 percent of all heroin sold in the United States. The key country in this region is Burma. ` In November 1994, a senior-level U.S. delegation visited Burma. The delegation, which included a representative of the State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, raised counternarcotics issues with Burma's senior leadership, including prosecuting narcotraffickers, fulfilling counternarcotics commitments in agreements with Burmese ethnic groups, making greater efforts by the regime to utilize money laundering and conspiracy legislation, and access to opium producing areas using nongovernmental organizations. C2 P5-Continue recently enhanced efforts to influence Burma's neighbors - especially China & Thailand - to exert more narcotics control pressure on the Burmese Government by emphasizing to them the regional threat posed by Burma's heroin trade;

106 C1 P2-In this respect, the U.S. objectives can be better accomplished by the importance the United States attaches to political reform and reconciliation in Burma. This is critical if the Burmese Government is to make sustained progress with the ethnic groups. C1 P3-Finally, the United States will continue to expand cooperative efforts with other governments in the region, especially Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore to reduce cultivation and trafficking in their countries. The United States also will intensify efforts to destroy Southeast and East Asian trafficking operations by attacking brokering, banking, shipping, communications, and other support operations in the region. C1 P4- Middle East & Southwest Asia The U. S. Government's interest in Southwest Asia centers on increased heroin production in Afghanistan and Pakistan's drug processing and international trafficking syndicates. It also is concerned about production in the neighboring republics of the former Soviet Union as well as trafficking networks operating from Afghanistan, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, & Turkey. C2 P1 Latin America Expanding poppy crops in Colombia and Mexico and emerging poppy cultivation in Peru, and Venezuela are aimed almost exclusively at U.S. consumers. Mexico has demonstrated both the political will & the capability to eradicate poppy cultivation. With support from the United States, Colombia and Venezuela have made a similar commitment....Guatemala has virtually eliminated its once significant poppy crop. C2 P3- Africa Nigerian & West African trafficking organizations demand special attention because they move a substantial portion of the Southeast Asian heroin arriving in the U.S. Because of insufficient progress in counternarcotics, Nigeria was denied certification by President Clinton in 1994. ... re-certification will not occur until Nigeria meets its international obligations under the 1988 Vienna Convention and meets the certification standards specified in the U.S. Foreign Assistance Act. (Denied certification Burma, Iran, Syria, Nigeria - granted Afghanistan, Bolivia, Laos, Lebanon, Panama, & Peru

107 C1 P3 Russia, Eastern European Countries, and the Newly Independent States. C1 P4-The 12 month-Action Plan for Strengthening interdiction and international Efforts consists of five targets: (1) coordinate the completion and implementation of PDD on heroin; (2) develop measures of effectiveness for international, host country, and interdiction programs; (3) follow up on the Summit of the America; (4) continue implementation of the PDD on cocaine; and (5) expand international public diplomacy. C2 P5-Facilitate a ministerial conference to coordinate hemispheric response to money laundering. C2 P6-Organize a conference of donors, MDBs, and the United Nations to seek resources for alternative development programs.

108 C1 P8-Assist the Government of Bolivia in expanding its interdiction capabilities and to completely eliminate the cultivation of illegal coca; C1 P9-...Mexico's efforts to dismantle drug organizations and to eradicate poppy & marijuana cultivation; C1 P10-Recognize the positive steps taken by the new Panamanian Administration and provide full support and assistance to their counternarcotics program; C2 P7-The Administration has recognized the history of alleged human rights abuses, emphatically condemns such practices, and intends to ensure that such abuses are not continued by any county which receives U.S. counternarcotics assistance, especially if that assistance is being used for other purposes that for which it was intended.

109 C2 P6-The term "end game" refers to the ability to successfully coordinate law enforcement action to apprehend drug smugglers whether they are moving their illicit drugs by land, air, or sea, and to ensure through investigation, rigorous prosecution, and appropriate sentencing.

111 IX Federal Drug Control Resource Priorities: The largest Presidential request in history, a total of $14.6 billion in Federal drug control resources, is requested in Fiscal Year 1996 for supply reduction, and demand reduction activities. C1 P2-By supporting key initiatives in FY 1996, this National can reduce the tremendous economic and human costs posed by illicit drug use.

112 Figure 9-1: Federal Drug Control Spending by Function, 1981-11996 1981 1.5 Billion 1982 1.9 Billion 1983 2.0 Billion 1984 2.3 Billion 1985 3.0 Billion 1986 3.0 Billion 1987 4.5 Billion 1988 4.2 Billion 1989 6.7 Billion 1990 10.0 Billion 1991 11.0 Billion 1992 12.0 Billion 1993 12.2 Billion 1994 12.2 Billion 1995 13.5 Billion 1996 14.6 Billion

C1 P2-The FY 1996 budget request includes important increases in all major program areas except interdiction. C1 P2-The largest area of the Federal drug control budget is the criminal justice system. Of the total $14.6 billion requested in FY 1996, $7.2 billion is for the criminal justice system - an increase of $854 million over last year. ...Drug treatment is the next largest program area, with over $2.8 billion requested in FY 1996. And, at nearly $2.0 billion, drug prevention is the third largest program area. C2 P1-The international program budget represents a small but important share of total drug control spending. The total request for international programs is $399.1 million, which is 2.7 percent of the President's total request for drug control. This program area increases by $89.1 million in FY 1996,.almost entirely to provide additional resources for the Department of States's Bureau of International Narcotics Matters (INM) to fund programs that are sorely needed in source communities.

114 C2 P2-One of the important earmarks that is kept is the 10 percent set aside for drug abuse prevention services. The President's total drug control request for this new Partnership is $1.3 billion, which funds $919.8 million in drug-related treatment and prevention services. This request includes $60 million in additional resources over the FY 1995 level, with the States encouraged to use these funds to treat chronic substance abusers.

115 Reducing Chronic Hardcore Drug Use Through Treatment C1 P1-Chronic, hardcore drug use fuels the continuing high demand for illicit drugs and is linked to crime, violence, health problems, and the deterioration of the family.

116 C2 P3-Resources for the Drug Enforcement Agency's (DEA's) Domestic Cannabis Eradication & Suppression Program is maintained at the FY 1995 level of $10.0 million to continue DEA's support to State and local efforts to eradicate marijuana cultivation in the United States.

117 C1 P2-Funding for the Department of Justices Bureau of Prisons is $.,9 Billion, an increase F234.9 million over the FY 1995 enacted level. This increase is requested to expand prison capacity in response to the continued growth in the Federal prison population who have been incarcerated for drug-related crimes. C1 P4-Fully 529-thirds of the funds authorized by the Crime Control Act go directly to communities for anticrime and antidrug activities. These resources will help communities fund comprehensive antidrug strategies that meet both the immediate security needs of a community-through more police, more prisons, more boot camps, more reasonable gun policies, and the longer term problems related to illicit drug use, through drug treatment and prevention.

119 C2 P6-Support programs that reduce all domestic drug production and availability and continue to target for investigation and prosecution those who illegally manufacture and distribute drugs and who illegally divert pharmaceuticals and chemicals. C2 P8-Support programs that increase workplace safety and productivity by reducing drug use on the job;

123 X. Conclusion C1 P1-This Strategy is based on an assessment of the drug use situation faced by the United States; successes and failures of antidrug efforts in 12994; and what needs to be done to realize the overall goal of a Nation free of illicit drug use, drug trafficking, drug-related crime, and the negative health and social consequences of drug use. It provides specific Action Plans for reducing drug trafficking and drug use in the United States

125 C2 P2-The long-range success of this Strategy depends on the collective refusal of individual Americans to tolerate the dealing and using of illegal drugs. All segments of society - communities, schools, religious groups, law enforcement, health care systems, business, labor and government- must work together to make America safe, healthy, and drug free. It is an effort upon which the Nation's future depends.

129 C1 P1-Another key activity of this subcommittee will be to convene a national drug prevalence and consequence estimation conference. (Research, Development & Evaluation)

130 Program Accomplishments: C2 P2-Since its inception during Fiscal Year (FY 2992, 52 research efforts have been started with $43.5 million in CTAC funding. These efforts generally fall in one of the four major technology htrusts: wide-area surveillance, nonintrusive inspection, tactical technologies, or demand reduction.

131 C1 P1-The infrastructure program includes benchmarking, laboratory instrumentation, and testbeds to evaluate advanced technology prototypes being developed by these agencies. The testbed and benchmarking activities help to provide user personnel with standard measures of effectiveness criteria against with to test and evaluate advanced technologies and future systems. C1 P2-In the area of prevention and treatment, CTAC is working to initiate engineering infrastructure projects that will improve the laboratory equipment and technology available to scientists working in the area of drug addiction research. C2 P4-Nonintrusive Inspection Technology The high-beam energy x-ray test series conducted last summer at the Tacoma Nonintrusive Inspection Testbed has been completed. The tests clearly demonstrated the value of x-ray technology as part of a first-generation nonintrusive inspection system. A new testbed will be established this year at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, to evaluate transportable x-ray systems and chemical sensors.

This means x-raying your food as it comes across the border, and state lines!

132 C1 P1-The Tennessee Valley Authority of the University of Tennessee are developing a prototype data fusion system to permit the seamless integration and extraction of criminal information from various data bases regardless of the user's type of computer or physical location. Initial testing will begin with a Florida law enforcement consortium involving approximately eight law enforcement agencies. C1 P2-A facial recognition system is being developed by ONDCP to help the Immigration and Naturalization service to rapidly match faces and textual documentation of known traffickers at U.S. border crossings. The present demonstration and test of the system are being conducted by an ONDCP contractor at El Paso, Texas, but discussions of potential use in other ports-of-entry sites are ongoing. Further advancement in the computer software, such as automating some of the system software, is under consideration by ONDCP. C2 P3-The Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons is developing artificial monoclonal antibody enzymes that interfere with the cocaine molecule's ability to provide characteristic drug sensations. C2 P4-CTAC is developing an onsite Radiochemistry Laboratory for a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning facility at the Addiction Research Center in Baltimore, Maryland. This technology will provide information needed to map the exact areas of the brain that are activated by various drugs of abuse.

133 C1 P1-CTAC is spearheading the development of a computer-based drug treatment research information network infrastructure program that will link the research community and drug treatment centers throughout the Nation. This effort is intended to improve the way drug abuse treatment is administered by facilitating ongoing collaboration among research efforts, C1 P3-CTAC is developing a bracelet that, when worn by a patient, prison inmate, or parolee, would continuously monitor the subject for drug abuse and automatically relay findings to a central processing unit. An ongoing study of first-time offenders in Orleans Parish, Louisiana will be employed to evaluate the best methods for detecting drug abuse in the criminal justice system.